Nevertheless Aragon was also critical of the USSR, particularly after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1956) during which Stalin's personality cult was denounced by Nikita Khrushchev. During the World Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture (1935), Aragon found himself opposed his former friend André Breton, who wanted to seize the opportunity as a tribune to defend the writer Victor Serge, associated with Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition. He would remain a member for the rest of his life, writing several political poems including one to Maurice Thorez, the general secretary of the PCF. In 1933, he began to write for the party's newspaper, L'Humanité, in the "news in brief" section. In the 1920s, Aragon became a fellow traveler of the French Communist Party (PCF) with several other surrealists, and took his card in January 1927. Having been involved in Dada from 1919 to 1924, he became a founding member of Surrealism in 1924 with André Breton and Philippe Soupault. Andrieux's refusal to recognize his son would influence Aragon's poetry later on. Her mother passed him off as his godfather, and Aragon was only told the truth at the age of 19, as he was leaving to serve in the First World War, from which neither he nor his parents believed he would return.
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His biological father, Louis Andrieux, former senator of Forcalquier, was married and forty years older than Marguerite, who he had seduced when she was seventeen.
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He was raised by his mother, Marguerite, and maternal grandmother, who he grew up believing to be his sister and foster mother respectively.